Economy

Understanding Terms Used in Stock Market (Part 1)

Published

7 years ago

27/07/2018

By Dipo Olowookere

The last time, I wrote about key things to take note of before investing in the recharge card business especially with the way fraudsters try to lure unsuspecting victims into the business.

Today, I am focusing on the stock market, explaining some terms used in the sector.

The stock or equity market is one aspect of the capital market some people get confused about because of its high volatility.

By high volatility, I mean you can gain a huge amount in one trade and loss everything in the next transaction. It is unlike the fixed income market, another aspect of the capital market, where at the point of investment, you know what you are getting as profit.

Now to the common terms used in the market.

Share/Equity/Stock

These terms are commonly used interchangeably and they mean the same thing. A share is like an indivisible unit of capital showing you are one of the owners of a company.

When a company, owned by more than one person, is established and registered as a business entity, it must indicate its ownership structure, which is represented by the number of shares held by each of the persons. It is by this percentage the owners share any profit or dividend recorded by the firm during a given period of time.

Now, a company in need of cash to expand its operations can approach the stock exchange to sell its shares to the general public through an Initial Public Offering (IPO), also expanding the number of persons owning stakes in the firm.

When this is done, the stock market regulator, which is the stock exchange, allows trading of the shares of such company on its platform.

The value of these stocks at the market are determined by demand and supply as well as information about company, the sector or the country’s economic and political happenings.

If a company is having an internal crisis that found its way to the public domain, it is natural for some people, who bought shares of the firm, to panic and if they foresee that the crisis could be ‘brutal’, they will quickly offload (sell off) their shares, resulting in many sellers, but less buyers. Like in the elementary Economics, when this happens, the price of the commodity falls; vis-à-vis.

Trade

This is mainly the buying and selling of stocks on the floor of the exchange. It is the process of executing a transaction; selling or buying of shares of a company at the stock market at a particular price.

Deal

It is a single transaction carried out by a shareholder or investor during trading in the stocks of a company at the market.

Volume

The volume of shares is the total number of units of equities traded during a given period of time at the stock exchange. As expected, the volume of shares transacted by investors at any given trading session either rises or falls.

Value

This is the worth of an equity trading at the stock market. In stock market reporting, this could mean the total worth of stocks traded at the market for a given period of time.

Market Capitalisation

This is simply the total value of shares of the company selling its shares at the stock market. For example, if a company has a total of 1,000 shares selling at N5 each, its total capitalisation would be 1000xN5, which gives us N5,000.

As at the close of trading on Thursday, the total value of shares trading at the Nigerian Stock Exchange stood at N13.196 trillion.

All-Share Index (ASI)

The ASI is a bit complex, but I will try to break it down to make it understandable. It is mainly a statistics showing the direction or performance of the stock market.

Because during a trading day, some stocks will appreciate in price, while others will depreciate in value, with some remaining unchanged. As a result, there was the need to have an indicator showing a true reflection the market’s performance at the trading session.

So, in January 1984, the NSE put its index at 100 points and as at yesterday, it closed at 36,427.22 points after gaining 80.42 points.

Bear Market

This is when the market records a loss

Bull Market

This is when the market records a gain

Full Bid

This simply occurs when there are prospective buyers at the stock market but no willing sellers. This happens when investors have information that the stock may appreciate in price and there is a rush to own the stock so as make profit after selling it at a higher price.

Full Offer

This is the direct opposite of ‘full bid’. This occurs when there are prospective sellers of a stock but no buyers.

52 Week High

This is simply the highest value a particular stock was sold at in the past 52 weeks (one year).

52 Week Low

This refers to the lowest value a particular stock was sold at in the past 52 weeks (one year).

I will continue this piece in a subsequent post.

However, before then, please feel free to let me know where you require any further clarification.

Economy

CSCS, Geo-Fluids, FrieslandCampina Lift NASD OTC Bourse by 0.62%

Published

4 hours ago

13/12/2025

Adedapo Adesanya

By Adedapo Adesanya

Three bellwether stocks lifted the NASD Over-the-Counter (OTC) Securities Exchange by 0.62 per cent on Friday, December 12 with the NASD Unlisted Security Index (NSI) jumping by 22.20 points to 3,600.43 points from 3,578.23 points.

In the same vein, the market capitalisation of the trading platform increased by N13.28 billion to close at N2.154 trillion from the previous day’s N2.140 trillion.

During the session, Central Securities Clearing System (CSCS) Plc went up by N2.53 to close at N39.71 per share compared with the previous day’s N37.18 per share, Geo-Fluids Plc added 35 Kobo to its price to finish at N5.00 per unit versus Thursday’s closing price of N4.65 per unit, and FrieslandCampina Wamco Nigeria Plc appreciated by 23 Kobo appreciation to sell at N60.23 per share versus N60.00 per share.

It was observed that yesterday, the price of Golden Capital Plc went down by N1.05 to N9.45 per unit from N10.50 per unit, and UBN Propertiy Plc declined by 21 Kobo to N2.01 per share from the N2.22 per share it was traded a day earlier.

There was a significant improvement in the level of activity for the day, as the volume of transactions increased by 6.2 per cent to 37.4 million units from the previous day’s 35.2 million units, the value of trades went up by 265.1 per cent to N4.9 billion from N1.4 billion, and the number of deals soared by 13.80 per cent to 33 deals from 29 deals.

Infrastructure Credit Guarantee Company (InfraCredit) Plc ended the last trading day of this week as the most active stock by value on a year-to-date basis with 5.8 billion units valued at N16.4 billion, the second spot was taken by Okitipupa Plc with 178.9 million units traded for N9.5 billion, and third space was occupied by a new comer in MRS Oil Plc with 36.1 million units worth N4.9 billion.

InfraCredit Plc also finished the session as the most active stock by volume on a year-to-date basis with 5.8 billion units transacted for N16.4 billion, followed by Industrial and General Insurance (IGI) Plc with 1.2 billion units valued at N420.3 million, and Impresit Bakolori Plc with 537.0 million units sold for N524.9 million.

Economy

Guinness Nigeria, Others Buoy NGX Index 1.00% Growth

Published

4 hours ago

13/12/2025

Dipo Olowookere

By Dipo Olowookere

The bullish run on the Nigerian Exchange (NGX) Limited continued on Friday with a further 1.00 per cent growth buoyed by gains recorded by Guinness Nigeria, Champion Breweries, and others.

Data showed that the consumer goods space expanded by 1.53 per cent during the last trading session of the week, as the insurance counter grew by 0.51 per cent, and the industrial goods sector marginally gained 0.01 per cent.

However, the banking index depreciated by 0.54 per cent due to a pocket of profit-taking, and the energy industry shrank by 0.09 per cent, while the commodity sector closed flat.

Guinness Nigeria gained 10.00 per cent to trade at N217.80, Morison Industries rose by 9.84 per cent to N4.69, Champion Breweries jumped by 9.69 per cent to N14.15, Austin Laz grew by 9.66 per cent to N2.27, and C&I Leasing appreciated by 9.62 per cent to N5.70.

Conversely, eTranzact lost 10.00 per cent to finish at N12.60, Chellarams slumped by 9.00 per cent to N13.20, Eunisell depleted by 9.89 per cent to N75.15, Africa Prudential moderated by 9.77 per cent to N12.00, and DAAR Communications decreased by 9.18 per cent to 89 Kobo.

The busiest stock on Friday was Access Holdings with 107.6 million units sold for N2.2 billion, Consolidated Hallmark traded 59.9 million units worth N245.8 million, Zenith Bank transacted 48.2 million units valued at N3.1 billion, Transcorp Power transacted 42.8 million units for N13.1 billion, and Champion Breweries exchanged 36.4 million units valued at N510.2 million.

At the close of business, a total of 602.8 million units worth N30.7 billion exchanged hands in 20,550 deals yesterday, in contrast to the 529.7 million units valued at N12.3 billion traded in 18,159 deals on Thursday, representing a surge in the trading volume, value, and number of deals by 13.80 per cent, 149.59 per cent, and 13.17 per cent apiece.

Business Post reports that the All-Share Index (ASI) soared during the session by 1,485.89 points to 149,436.48 points from 147,950.59 points and the market capitalisation moved up by N945 billion to N95.264 trillion from N94.319 trillion.

Economy

Naira Chalks up 0.11% on USD at NAFEM as CBN Defends Market

Published

4 hours ago

13/12/2025

Adedapo Adesanya

By Adedapo Adesanya

An intervention of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in the foreign exchange (FX) market eased the pressure on the Naira on Friday.

The apex bank sold forex to banks and other authorised dealers in the official window to defend the domestic currency, helping to calm the FX demand pressure, with the Nigerian currency appreciating against the US Dollar in the Nigerian Autonomous Foreign Exchange Market (NAFEM) by 0.11 per cent or N1.57 to sell at N1,454.50/$1 compared with Thursday’s closing price of N1,456.07/$1.

Also, the domestic currency improved its value against the Pound Sterling in the official market yesterday by N3.95 to close at N1,946.15/£1 versus the previous day’s N1,950.11/£1 but lost 10 Kobo on the Euro to quote at N1,706.46/€1 compared with the N1,706.36/€1 it was exchanged a day earlier.

At the black market segment, the Nigerian Naira maintained stability against the Dollar during the session at N1,470/$1 and also traded flat at N1,463/$1 at the GTBank forex counter.

Despite the sigh of relief, demand pressures outweighed the robust supply from the CBN and inflow from offshore players looking to participate at the OMO bills auction.

Gross FX reserves increased for the twenty fifth consecutive week, growing by a strong $396.84 million week-on-week to $45.44 billion.

As for the cryptocurrency market, it was down on Friday as pressure remained after Federal Reserve chair Jerome Powell’s speech on Wednesday, which hinted at a possible rate cut pause in January. As a result, markets now expect only two rate cuts in 2026 instead of three.

However, Chicago Federal Reserve President Austan Goolsbee, who was against a December rate cut, said he expects more in 2026 than the current median projection.

Ethereum (ETH) slumped by 5.1 per cent to $3,090.61, Solana (SOL) declined by 4.5 per cent to $132.79, Cardano (ADA) depreciated by 3.8 per cent to $0.4103, and Dogecoin (DOGE) dropped 2.5 per cent to trade at $0.1373.

In addition, Bitcoin (BTC) lost 2.4 per cent to sell at $90,342.74, Litecoin (LTC) tumbled by 1.9 per cent to $81.86, Binance Coin (BNB) fell by 0.6 per cent to $886.93, and Ripple (XRP) slipped by 0.5 per cent to $2.02, while the US Dollar Tether (USDT) and the US Dollar Coin (USDC) traded flat at $1.00 each.